Utilizing geographic information system and indexing to evaluate irrigation suitability of groundwater in Kalihati Upazila, Bangladesh

The aim of this research was to evaluate groundwater quality for irrigation in Kalihati Upazila, Bangladesh, a region that is significantly reliant on crop development, especially during dry periods. By combining hydrochemical analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS), the examined physicochemical attributes their spatial distribution. Fifteen samples from various locations were analyzed measure parameters such as sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble percentage (SSP), residual carbonate (RSC), magnesium (MAR), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness (TH), Kelly's (KR), permeability index (PI), potential salinity (PS). pH ranged between 5.51 7.53, indicating slightly acidic moderately alkaline conditions suited irrigation. EC 115.7 458 μS/cm, mostly falling into "excellent" or "good" categories. Groundwater displayed suitability with TDS below 182 ppm low SAR values, but variable RSC MAR values indicated localized water issues. Based index, all within "permissible" range. However, GIS-generated maps showed disparities across study area. Correlation matrices revealed significant links factors. Both Piper Gibbs diagrams prevalent Ca-HCO3 type influenced by geological formations. Overall, confirmed groundwater's appropriateness while recommending periodic evaluations due few uncertainties. In conclusion, found analysis, GIS mapping, correlation reveal trends, allowing sustainable resource management agricultural advancement.